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University of Vienna

The University of Vienna  is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. With its long and rich history, the University of Vienna has developed into one of the biggest universities in Europe, and also one of the most renowned, especially in the Humanities. It is associated with 15 Nobel prize winners and has been the academic home of a large number of figures both of historical and academic importance.The University of Vienna does not have one joint campus. The academic facilities occupy more than sixty locations throughout the city of Vienna.

 The historical main building on the  constitutes the university's centre and is commonly referred to as "die Uni". Most other larger university facilities and lecture halls are located nearby in the area of Vienna's First and Ninth District: the so-called new Lecture Hall Complex (Neuroses Institutionalize, NIG), the lecture hall complex Transferal (UZA), the campus on the premises of the Historical General Hospital of Vienna, the Faculty of Law (Juridic um) and others. The Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna is housed in the Second District, as are the Department of Biochemistry and related research centers. 

Also.Also worth mentioning is the Vienna Observatory, which belongs to the university, and the Institute for University Sports (USI), which offers training and recreational possibilities to all students of the-university. In.In addition, the University of Vienna maintains facilities outside of Vienna in the Austrian provinces of Lower Austria, Upper Austria and Sandburg. These are mainly research and experimental departments for Biology, Astrophysics and Sports.The University of Vienna (German: University Wien) is a state funded college placed in Vienna, Austria. It was established by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the most seasoned college in the German-talking world. With its long and rich history, the University of Vienna has formed into one of the greatest colleges in Europe, furthermore a standout among st the most eminent, particularly in the Humanities. It is connected with 15 Nobel prize champs and has been the scholastic home of countless both of recorded and scholarly significance. The University was established on 12 March 1365 by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, and his two siblings, Dukes Albert III and Leopold III, consequently the extra name "Place of graduation Rudolph".

 After the Charles University in Prague and Jagiellon University in Krakow, the University of Vienna is the third most seasoned college in Central Europe and the most established college in the German-talking world. It was designed according to the University of Paris. Notwithstanding, Pope Urban V did not confirm the deed of establishment that had been authorized by Rudolf IV, particularly in connection to the bureau of philosophy. This was apparently because of weight applied by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, who wished to dodge rivalry for the Charles University in Prague. Endorsement was at last gotten from the Pope in 1384 and the University of Vienna was conceded the status of a full college, including the Faculty of Catholic Theology. The primary college building opened in 1385. It truly developed into the greatest college of the Holy Roman Empire, and amid the appearance of Humanism in the mid-fifteenth century was home to more than 6,000 understudies.

 In its initial years, the college had an incompletely various leveled, mostly agreeable structure, in which the Rector was at the top, while the understudies who had little say and were settled at the base. The Magistrate and Doctors constituted the four staffs and chose the scholarly authorities from in the midst of their positions. The understudies, additionally all other Supposition (college individuals), were partitioned into four Academic Nations. Their chose board individuals, for the most part graduates themselves, had the privilege to choose the Rector. He managed the Consistory which included procurators of each of the countries and the personnel senior members, and in addition over the University Assembly, in which all college educators partook. Grumblings or requests against choices of employees by the understudies must be presented by a Magisterial or Doctor. 

         

University of Miami

The University of Miami (informally referred to as UM, U Miami, Miami and The U) is a private, nonsectarian research university located in Coral Gables, Florida, United States. As of 2014, the university currently enrolls 16,774 students in 12 separate colleges/schools, including a medical school located in Miami's Civic Center neighborhood, a law school on the main campus, and a school focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key, with a research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dada County. These colleges offer approximately 115 undergraduate, 104 master's, and 63 doctoral of which 59 are research/scholarship and four professional areas of study. Over the years, the University's students have represented all 50 states and close to 150 foreign countries. With more than 14,000 full and part-time faculty and staff, UM is the sixth largest employer in Miami-Dada County.A group of citizens chartered the University of Miami (UM) in 1925 with the intent to offer "unique opportunities to develop inter-American studies, to further creative work in the arts and letters, and to conduct teaching and research programs in tropical studies."

 They believed that a local university would benefit their community. They were overly optimistic about future financial support for UM because the South Florida land boom was at its peak. During the Jim Crow era, there were three large state-funded universities in Florida for white males, white females, and black coeds in this accord, UM was founded as a white, coeducational institution.The University began in earnest in 1925 when George E. Merrick, the founder of Coral Gables, gave 160 acres  and nearly $5 million, ($67.2 million, adjusted for current inflation) to the effort. These contributions were land contracts and mortgages on real estate that had been sold in the city. The University was chartered on April 18, 1925 by the Circuit Court for Dade County. By the fall of 1926, when the first class of 372 students enrolled at UM, the land boom had collapsed, and hopes for a speedy recovery were dashed by a major hurricane. For the next 15 years the University barely remained solvent.

 The construction of the first building on campus, now known as the Merrick Building, was left half built for over two decades due to economic difficulties. In the meantime, classes were held at the nearby Anastasia Hotel, with partitions separating classrooms, giving the University the early nickname of "Cardboard College The Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine campus, located in Miami city proper in Civic Center, trains 1,000 students in various health-related programs. It consists of 68 acres (280,000 m2) within the 153 acres (620,000 m2) University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medical Center complex. The medical center includes three UM-owned hospitals: University of Miami Hospital, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Anne Bates Leach Eye Hospital. Jackson Memorial Hospital, Holt z Children's Hospital, and the Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center are also a part of the medical center and are affiliated with UM, but are not owned by UM.[64] The heart of this campus is "The Alamo" – the original City of Miami Hospital, which opened in 1918, that is on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2006, UM opened the 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2), 15-story Clinical Research Building and Wellness Center. In 2009, a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified, nine-story Bio medical Research Building, a 182,000 sq ft (16,900 m2) laboratory and office facility, opened to house the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and the Miami Institute for Human Genomics. UM has started to build a 2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m2) UM Life Science Park adjacent to the UM medical campus.

These additional Gold LEED certified buildings are being built by Oxford Science & Technology, a private developer, on land leased from UM. The Medical campus is connected to UM's main campus by the Miami Metro rail with direct stations at University Station for the main campus, and Civic Center Station for the medical campus.On December 1, 2007, the University purchased the Cedars Medical Center, renaming it as the University of Miami Hospital. Situated in the Miami Health District, the hospital is close to the Jackson Memorial Hospital, which has been used by the UM students and faculty to provide patient care for many years.Starting in 2004, the Miller School began offering instruction on the campus of Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida. MD candidates were admitted to either the Miami or Boca Raton programs and spent the first two years studying on the selected campus and the last two on the main campus in Miami. In April 2005, the Boca Raton program was expanded to include a third clinical year in Palm Beach County. In 2010, when Florida Atlantic University made plans to establish their own medical school, no future classes of the regional campus were accepted.

 The last class to complete the first three years of training in Boca Raton is the Class of 2013.There is no on campus housing for students of the Miller School of Medicine in Miami or Boca Raton. The Miami and Boga Ramon campuses charge identical tuition, with a lower tuition for in-state students.Since 2005, UM has a "Green U" initiative which includes LEED certification for buildings and the use of biofuels by the campus bus fleet. UM established the Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy. As a part of the Abess Center, UM launched the R.J. Dunlap Marine Conservation Program to educate students on the importance of protecting the marine environment.In 2008, UM replaced the chiller plant on its Virginia Key campus to improve its carbon footprint. UM also planted mangroves, sea grape trees, and other dune plants on Virginia Key to protect its sand dunes and to protect the campus from storm damage. UM received a "C+" grade on the 2009 College Sustainability Report Card and a "B-" for 2010 for its environmental and sustainability initiatives.

      University of Virginia

The UUniversity of Virginia established a junior college in 1954, then called Clinch Valley College. Today it is a four-year public liberal arts college called the University of Virginia's College at Wise and currently enrolls 2,000 students.The University of Virginia began the process of integration even before the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision mandated school desegregation for all grade levels, when Gregory Swanson sued to gain entrance into the university's law school in 1950. Following his successful lawsuit, a handful of black graduate and professional students were admitted during the 1950s, though no black undergraduates were admitted until 1955, and UVA did not fully integrate until the 1960s.The university first admitted a few selected women to graduate studies in the late 1890s and to certain programs such as nursing and education in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1944, Mary Washington College in Fredericksburg, Virginia, became the Women's Undergraduate Arts and Sciences Division of the University of Virginia. With this branch campus in Fredericksburg exclusively for women, UVA maintained its main campus in Charlottesville as near-exclusively for men, until a civil rights lawsuit of the 1960s forced it to commingle the sexes. In 1970, the Charlottesville campus became fully co-educational, and in 1972 Mary Washington became an independent state university. When the first female class arrived, 450 undergraduate women entered UVA, comprising 39 percent of undergraduates, while the number of men admitted remained constant. By 1999, women made up a 52 percent majority of the total student body.Due to a continual decline in state funding for the university, today only 6% of its budget comes from the Commonwealth of Virginia.A Charter initiative was signed into law by then-Governor Mark Warner in 2005, negotiated with the university to have greater autonomy over its own affairs in exchange for accepting this decline in financial support.The university welcomed Teresa A. Sullivan as its first female president in 2010. Just two years later its first woman rector, Helen Dragas, engineered a forced-resignation to remove President Sullivan from office.

 The forced resignation elicited strong protests, including a faculty Senate vote of no confidence in the Board of Visitors and Rector Dragas, and demands from the student government for an explanation for Sullivan's ouster. In addition the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools put UVA on warning that the nature of the ouster of President Sullivan could put the school's accreditation at risk.In the face of mounting pressure, including alumni threats to cease contributions and a mandate from then-Governor Robert McDonnell to resolve the issue or face removal of the entire Board of Visitors, the Board unanimously voted to reinstate President Sullivan. In 2013 and 2014, the Board passed new bylaws that made it harder to remove a president, and considered one to make it possible to remove a rector.In November 2014, the university suspended all fraternity and sorority functions for six weeks pending investigation of an article by Rolling Stone concerning the university's handling of alleged rape cases. In December 2014 the magazine made multiple apologies to "anyone who was affected," citing discrepancies in its principal source and the inability to verify key facts.

 The university lifted the fraternity suspension after instituting new rules banning "pre-mixed drinks, punches or any other common source of alcohol" such as beer kegs and requiring "sober and lucid" fraternity members to monitor parties.On April 5, 2015, Rolling Stone fully retracted the article after the Columbia School of Journalism released a report of "what went wrong" with the article and the Chancellorsville Police had earlier found discrepancies in the alleged victim's account.The University of Virginia Library System holds 5 million volumes. Its Electronic Text Center, established in 1992, has put 70,000 books online as well as 350,000 images that go with them. These e-texts are open to anyone and, as of 2002, were receiving 37,000 daily visits (compared to 6,000 daily visitors to the physical libraries). Alderman Library holds the most extensive Tibetan collection in the world, and holds ten floors of book "stacks" of varying ages and historical value.

 The renowned Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library features one of the premier collections of American Literature in the country as well as two copies of the original printing of the Declaration of Independence. It was in this library in 2006 that Robert Stilling, an English graduate student, discovered an unpublished Robert Frost poem from 1918. Clark Hall is the library for SEAS (the engineering school), and one of its notable features is the Mural Room, decorated by two three-panel murals by Allyn Cox, depicting the Moral Law and the Civil Law. The murals were finished and set in place in 1934.[68] As of 2006, the university and Google were working on the digitization of selected collections from the library system.

Since 1992, the University of Virginia also hosts the Rare Book School, a non-profit organization in study of historical books and the history of printing that began at Columbia University in 1983

         

University of Columbia 

Columbia University officially Columbia University in the City of New York is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. Originally established in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in New York State, as well as one of the country's nine colonial colleges. After the revolutionary war, King's College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. A 1787 charter placed the institution under a private board of trustees before it was further renamed Columbia University in 1896 when the campus was moved from Madison Avenue to its current location in Morning side Heights occupying land of 32 acres .

Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities, and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D. degree.The University is organized into twenty schools, including Columbia College, the School of Engineering and Applied Science, and the School of General Studies. The University also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janine, Santiago and Nairobi.[10] It has affiliation with several other institutions nearby, including Teachers College, Barnard College, and Union Theological Seminary, with joint undergraduate programs available through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Sciences Po Paris and the Julliard School.

Columbia annually administers the Pulitzer Prize Notable alumni and former students (including those from King's College) include five Founding Fathers of the United States; nine Justices of the United States Supreme Court 20 living billionaires 29 Academy Award winners;[16] and 29 heads of state, including three United States Presidents. Additionally, 101 Nobel Prize laureates have been affiliated with it as students, faculty, or staff.Columbia University in the City of New York, or essentially Columbia University, is an American private Ivy League research college found in the Morning side Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan in New York City. It is the most established foundation of higher adapting in the State of New York, the fifth most established in the United States, and one of the nation's nine Colonial Colleges established before the American Revolution. Today the college works Columbia Global Centers abroad in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janine, Santiago and Nairobi. The college was established in 1754 as King's College by regal contract of George II of Great Britain. After the American Revolutionary War, King's College quickly turned into a state element, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. The University now works under a 1787 sanction that places the organization under a private leading body of trustees, and in 1896 it was further renamed Columbia University.

 That same year, the college's grounds was moved from Madison Avenue to its present area in Morning side Heights, where it involves more than six city pieces, or 32 sections of land. The college includes twenty schools and is subsidiary with various organizations, including Teachers College (which is Columbia University's Graduate School of Education), Barnard College, and the Union Theological Seminary, with joint undergrad programs accessible through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and the Julliard School. Columbia yearly manages the Pulitzer Prize. 101 Nobel Prize laureates have been partnered with the college as understudies, staff, or staff, the second the majority of any establishment on the planet. Columbia is one of the fourteen establishing individuals from the Association of American Universities, and was the first school in the United States to concede the M.D. degree. Notable graduated class and previous understudies of the college and its antecedent, King's College, incorporate five Founding Fathers of the United States; nine Justices of the United States Supreme Court; 43 Nobel Prize laureates; 20 living billionaires; 28 Academy Award winners; and 29 heads of state, including three United States Presidents.Discussions with respect to the establishing of a school in the Province of New York started as right on time as 1704, when Colonel Lewis Morris kept in touch with the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the evangelist arm of the Church of England, convincing the general public that New York City was a perfect group in which to make a college; notwithstanding, not until the establishing of Princeton University over the Hudson River in New Jersey did the City of New York truly think about establishing as a college.

 In 1746 a demonstration was passed by the general gathering of New York to raise stores for the establishment of another school. In 1751, the get together designated a commission of ten New York inhabitants, seven of whom were individuals from the Church of England, to direct the stores gathered by the state lottery towards the establishment of a college. Classes were at first held in July 1754 and were managed by the school's first president, Dr. Samuel Johnson. Dr. Johnson was the main teacher of the school's top notch, which comprised of a negligible eight understudies. Guideline was held in another school building bordering Trinity Church, placed on what is currently lower Broadway in Manhattan. The school was formally established on October 31, 1754, as King's College by illustrious contract of King George II, making it the most seasoned organization of higher adapting in the condition of New York and the fifth most seasoned in the United States. In 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the administration by Myles Cooper, an alum of The Queen's College, Oxford, and a vigorous Tory.

 In the charged political atmosphere of the American Revolution, his boss rival in exchanges at the College was an undergrad of the class of 1777, Alexander Hamilton. The American Revolutionary War softened out up 1776, and was cataclysmic for the operation of King's College, which suspended guideline for a long time starting in 1776 with the entry of the Continental Army. The suspension proceeded through the military control of New York City by British troops until their flight in 1783. The school's library was plundered and its sole building ordered for utilization as a military healing facility first by American and after that British forces. Loyalists were compelled to relinquish their King's College in New York, which was seized by the radicals and renamed Columbia University. The Loyalists, drove by Bishop Charles Tingling fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they established what is currently the University of King's College.After the Revolution, the school turned to the State of New York so as to restore its essentials, guaranteeing to roll out whatever improvements to the school's contract the state may demand. The Legislature consented to support the school, and on May 1, 1784, it passed "an Act for giving certain benefits to the College leading up to now called King's College." 

The Act made a Board of Regents to supervise the revival of King's College, and, with an end goal to show its backing for the new Republic, the Legislature stipulated that "the College inside the City of New York until now called King's College be perpetually from this point forward called and known by the name of Columbia College," a reference to Columbia, an option name for America. The Regents at last got to be mindful of the school's damaged constitution in February 1787 and named a correction board of trustees, which was going by John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. In April of that same year, another sanction was embraced for the school, still being used today, giving force to a private leading body of 24 Trustees. 

On May 21, 1787, William Samuel Johnson, the child of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was consistently chosen President of Columbia College. Preceding serving at the college, Johnson had taken part in the First Continental Congress and been picked as a representative to the Constitutional Convention. For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the elected and state capital and the nation under progressive Federalist governments, a restored Columbia flourished under the support of Federalists, for example, Hamilton and Jay. Both President George Washington and Vice President John Adams went to the school's initiation on May 6, 1789, as a tribute of honor to the numerous graduated class of the school who had been included in the American Revolution.